Adult self-esteem tends to improve with increased confidence and assertiveness

Abstract

Cristina Vaz de Almeida, PhD in Communication Sciences (ISPA)

Bruno Reis, Psychologist, Lecturer at ISCIA

Abstract

Background: Self-esteem is associated with confidence and the need for respect, thus requiring assertive behavior for individuals to respect themselves and others. Most respondents in this research associate self-esteem with the respect they should have for themselves and the need to develop it. Self-respect and respect for others are also linked to assertiveness (Alberti & Emmons, 1973, 2008). Assertiveness involves confidence, which reduces uncertainty (Holmes & Rempel, 1989; Salter, 1949; Wolpe, 1960). Assertive behavior is connected to self-esteem and self-confidence because individuals who feel competent and self-assured interact more sincerely and naturally in building relationships (Alberti & Emmons, 1973, 2008).

Although self-esteem is a well-being factor, in more holistic cultures, their members aspired to lower self-esteem, happiness, pleasure, freedom, and health (Hornsey, Bain, Harris, et al., 2018).

Methodology: Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed. A self-esteem questionnaire survey was administered, adapted from Rosenberg's self-esteem measurement scale (1965), resulting in a sample of 216 individuals, of which 58.6% are female, and 44% are over 39 years old. A qualitative content analysis (QCA) of responses to two open-ended questions (N=199) was conducted, yielding 8 categories for each of the open-ended questions, which were mirrored.

Results: Respondents value their self-esteem, associating it with self-respect and respect for others, as it generates confidence and promotes better-balanced relationships. The definition of respect and trust provided by the respondents positions self-esteem as the visible outcome that promotes well-being through a set of skills, with assertiveness being a standout.

Keywords: self-esteem; assertiveness; confidence;